[00:00:01] The First Great Struggle - 英语演讲
[00:00:05] for the Soul of the 21st Century
[00:00:08] Address by Bill Clinton at Yale University
[00:00:12] Thank you very much, Mr. President,
[00:00:16] thank you for that wonderful introduction.
[00:00:19] And thank you for coming out
[00:00:21] in such large numbers today
[00:00:23] at such an important time for Yale
[00:00:25] and the United States.
[00:00:27] I would like to thank the mayor of
[00:00:29] New Haven, John DeStefano,
[00:00:31] and my great friend and former colleague,
[00:00:34] your member of Congress, Rosa DeLauro,
[00:00:37] for being here.
[00:00:38] I have two other friends,
[00:00:40] who like me are no longer in public office,
[00:00:43] but who made a great difference in
[00:00:45] what we were able to do. Kurt Schmoke,
[00:00:49] the former mayor of Baltimore.
[00:00:50] My great partner, Ernesto Zedillo,
[00:00:53] the former president of Mexico.
[00:00:56] Thank you for being here.
[00:00:58] I also have seen today a lot of people
[00:01:01] who were members of our administration.
[00:01:02] There are five or six of them out there,
[00:01:06] and so I appreciate Yale giving us
[00:01:08] a pretext for holding a Clinton alumni meeting today.
[00:01:13] I was privileged to study here for exactly
[00:01:18] 1 percent of Yale's 300 years.
[00:01:21] I loved the law school.
[00:01:23] I liked my professors, and have stayed
[00:01:26] in touch with many of them over all these long years.
[00:01:29] One of them I was able to put on the Court of Appeals.
[00:01:33] One of them I tried to torment in class with disagreements
[00:01:37] and he loved to torment me -
[00:01:40] my constitutional law professor,
[00:01:42] Robert Bork. We had great debates 30 years ago.
[00:01:47] Now that I replay them in my mind,
[00:01:50] they seem fresh today.
[00:01:52] I was fortunate enough to be here at Yale Law School
[00:01:56] with a phenomenal number of outstanding men
[00:02:00] and women who were my fellow students.
[00:02:02] One of them did become the United States senator
[00:02:05] from New York. Senator Schumer went to Harvard.
[00:02:10] Meeting Hillary was the best thing
[00:02:12] that happened to me at Yale,
[00:02:14] and maybe the only thing
[00:02:16] that really stuck over all of these 30 years.
[00:02:20] I understand there was some discussion
[00:02:25] in the Yale community about whether
[00:02:26] this Tercentennial should go forward in
[00:02:30] the aftermath of the awful events of September the 11th.
[00:02:33] I thank you for going forward.
[00:02:36] It is what President Bush asked us to do
[00:02:39] when he asked to us get on with our lives,
[00:02:42] and it is particularly important at this time.
[00:02:47] Marking 300 years of learning at any time
[00:02:52] would be a significant event.
[00:02:54] But marking it at this time,
[00:02:57] with a commitment to be a truly global university,
[00:03:00] is obviously profoundly important.
[00:03:03] For 300 years, beginning three quarters
[00:03:07] of a century before the Declaration of Independence,
[00:03:10] Yale has taught young people the wisdom of the past,
[00:03:13] the analysis of the present and the importance
[00:03:17] of looking to the future.
[00:03:19] Yale has asked hard questions and looked for honest answers.
[00:03:24] That is what I found here 30 years ago,
[00:03:27] and that is what I see
[00:03:29] when I look out on this vast array of faces today.
[00:03:33] America is full of hard questions now.
[00:03:38] I have spent a great deal of the last three weeks
[00:03:41] in Manhattan, visiting the crisis center,
[00:03:44] ground zero, fire stations and police headquarters,
[00:03:47] and three schools - two of them double schools
[00:03:51] because half the children were blown out
[00:03:54] of their own schools by the events of September 11th.
[00:03:58] And I have found so many questions.
[00:04:00] Hillary and I went to an elementary school
[00:04:03] in lower Manhattan, where 9 and 10 years old students
[00:04:07] asked me these questions:
[00:04:09] "Why do they hate us so much anyway?"
[00:04:11] "How did that guy get all those people to commit suicide?"
[00:04:16] I never thought I would hear a 9-year-old
[00:04:20] ask a question like that.
[00:04:22] The other day, I had a conversation with Mack McLarty,
[00:04:26] who was my first chief of staff and my oldest friend of 50 years.
[00:04:31] We were talking about the events of September the 11th.
[00:04:34] We had a conversation I believe thousands and thousands of
[00:04:39] Americans our age have had in the last three weeks.
[00:04:42] I said, "Mack, if we had been on that plane over Pennsylvania,
[00:04:49] do you think we would have
[00:04:51] had the guts to take it down?"
[00:04:52] He said, "I think so, and I hope so."
[00:04:56] I have gotten calls from women friends
[00:05:01] of Hillary's and mine,
[00:05:03] who are mothers of young children
[00:05:05] from all over America with a simple question:
[00:05:07] "Bill, is it going to be all right?
[00:05:11] Tell me it's going to be all right.
[00:05:14] " Well, first of all, it's going to be all right.
[00:05:18] I can tell you that.
[00:05:20] Terrorism - the killing of innocent people
[00:05:23] for political or religious or economic reasons
[00:05:26] - is as old as organized combat.
[00:05:29] It's been around a very long time.
[00:05:31] If we look through history honestly,
[00:05:34] we find it in uncomfortable places.
[00:05:37] In the Crusade in which the European Christians
[00:05:41] seized Jerusalem, they burned a mosque,
[00:05:44] slaughtered 300 Jews and killed every mother
[00:05:47] and child on the Temple Mount who was a Muslim.
[00:05:51] But no campaign of terror standing on its own,
[00:05:54] without organized military combat,
[00:05:56] has ever succeeded in all of human history.
[00:06:00] Indeed, it is not the purpose of terror
[00:06:03] to succeed militarily. It is the purpose
[00:06:07] of terror to terrify, and I would guess
[00:06:10] that a lot of young people in this audience today
[00:06:12] who have never lived through
[00:06:15] such a difficult crisis have been understandably terrified.
[00:06:19] Our country is highly diverse -
[00:06:23] we have people here today from just about every country,
[00:06:28] every racial and ethnic group
[00:06:30] and every religious heritage.
[00:06:32] What terrorists seek, first of all,
[00:06:35] is to make us afraid of each other.
[00:06:37] And secondly, to make us afraid of the future:
[00:06:41] afraid to plan; afraid to invest, afraid to trust.
[00:06:46] That is what they seek. Therefore,
[00:06:49] terrorism cannot prevail unless we cooperate.
[00:06:53] It is not a military strategy,
[00:06:55] it is a psychological and human one.
[00:06:58] We have to give the people
[00:07:01] who attacked us permission to win,
[00:07:02] and I do not believe we are about to
[00:07:06] grant them that permission.
[00:07:07] Mr. bin Laden and his allies misjudge America.
[00:07:12] They think we are fundamentally a weak,
[00:07:16] greedy, selfish, materialistic people.
[00:07:18] They think we are weakened by our lack of
[00:07:22] a national religion and imposed social order.
[00:07:25] But they are wrong.
[00:07:27] All Americans have been proud in
[00:07:32] these last days of the performance of our leaders,
[00:07:34] from the president, to the governor,
[00:07:35] to the mayor of New York;
[00:07:37] and yes, to the senators.
[00:07:39] I am very proud of my wife
[00:07:42] and her colleagues in the House and the Senate,
[00:07:44] and especially proud of the people.
[00:07:46] Hillary and I went to a Rosh Hashana service
[00:07:52] the other night in our own little village of Chappaqua.
[00:07:56] We lost a person out of the temple on September 11th.
[00:08:00] I met one of the two men there
[00:08:03] who escaped from the 84th floor
[00:08:05] of the World Trade Center carrying
[00:08:07] a disabled woman all the way to safety.
[00:08:10] When I went into the family crisis center at Pier 94,
[00:08:14] a man came up to me and said to me:
[00:08:18] "Why, Mr. President,
[00:08:20] I haven't seen you since Oklahoma City."
[00:08:22] And I said, "How did I see you there?" He said,
[00:08:27] "You came to console me.
[00:08:29] My wife was blown up in the bombing of Oklahoma City
[00:08:33] and I had no one to talk to.
[00:08:35] So when I saw that this happened,
[00:08:38] I told my boss I was taking two weeks off,
[00:08:41] and I got in my car and I drove here.
[00:08:44] I sit here all day, every day talking to people.
[00:08:48] I had no one to talk to and I thought I might be of help."
[00:08:53] I have visited many of the firemen.
[00:08:57] The fire department is a marvelous organization
[00:09:00] in the modern world.
[00:09:02] It's more like a medieval army,
[00:09:04] where instead of sitting behind
[00:09:06] and issuing orders, the leaders lead.
[00:09:10] And so in our fire department,
[00:09:12] we lost the chief, his three top aides,
[00:09:15] the chaplain and over 200 other officers,
[00:09:20] out of 340 killed.
[00:09:21] No one took a backseat when it came to sacrifice.
[00:09:24] I think those who believed
[00:09:26] that this would weaken us have misjudged us.
[00:09:29] All over America, there has been
[00:09:32] a tremendous outpouring of caring -
[00:09:34] over $600 million pledged.
[00:09:37] I thank the workers and the people at Yale
[00:09:40] for the work you did,
[00:09:42] for those who lost loved ones
[00:09:44] or feared they had.
[00:09:45] We are going to be all right.
[00:09:48] Still, we must realize
[00:09:52] that we have a formidable adversary
[00:09:54] and a difficult challenge.
[00:09:56] Partly, because in every conflict
[00:09:59] throughout human history,
[00:10:01] defense lags offense by a little bit.
[00:10:04] This has always happened.
[00:10:07] But so far, the human race is still around
[00:10:11] because self-preservation
[00:10:12] and decency catches up and triumphs.
[00:10:15] Nevertheless, I think we have to take this seriously
[00:10:19] and see it for exactly what it is -
[00:10:21] I believe we are engaged in
[00:10:24] the first great struggle for the soul of the 21st century.
[00:10:28] We must understand terrorism in the modern world
[00:10:32] and ask ourselves what we have to do,
[00:10:35] not only to prevent terrorism
[00:10:38] and protect ourselves, but to undermine the conditions
[00:10:43] and attitudes that bring to the terrorists
[00:10:46] their foot soldiers and sympathizers.
[00:10:48] If I had asked you on September 10th
[00:10:53] the following question,
[00:10:54] what would your answer be?
[00:10:56] What is the dominant trait of the world
[00:11:01] in the early 21st century?
[00:11:01] If you are an optimistic person,
[00:11:05] it seems to me you might have given
[00:11:07] one of four answers. You might have said,
[00:11:10] "Well, it's the globalization of the economy
[00:11:13] and culture that has lifted more people
[00:11:16] out of poverty in the last 20 years
[00:11:18] than any time in all history
[00:11:20] and brought America unprecedented opportunity.
[00:11:24] " Or you might have said, if you are a "techie,"
[00:11:28] "It is the information technology revolution."
[00:11:32] When I became president in January of 1993,
[00:11:37] there were 50 sites on the World Wide Web.
[00:11:41] When I left office, there were 350 million.
[00:11:45] There was never anything like it
[00:11:49] in the history of communications.
[00:11:50] Or you might have said, if you were a scientist,
[00:11:53] "It's the evolution in the sciences.
[00:11:57] " We're going to find out
[00:11:59] what's in the black holes in the universe.
[00:12:01] Last year, we found two new species of life,
[00:12:05] in previously unexplored river bottoms.
[00:12:07] The human genome has been sequenced
[00:12:11] and soon women will bring home babies
[00:12:13] from the hospital with little gene cards saying,
[00:12:16] "Here are the kid's problems
[00:12:19] and the kid's strengths.
[00:12:21] " Soon babies born in America
[00:12:24] or any country with a good health system
[00:12:27] will have a life expectancy in excess of 90 years.
[00:12:32] We have scientists working on digital chips
[00:12:35] to replicate the nerve functions
[00:12:38] of damaged spinal cords,
[00:12:40] raising the prospect that a chip might
[00:12:43] do for a spine like what a pacemaker
[00:12:45] does for the heart,
[00:12:47] and people thought to be permanently paralyzed
[00:12:50] might get up and walk.
[00:12:52] And all of this is truly amazing.
[00:12:56] Or if you are a political scientist,
[00:13:01] you might say the dominant force of this period
[00:13:04] is the explosion of democracy around the world
[00:13:07] and diversity at home.
[00:13:09] For the first time in human history,
[00:13:12] more than half the world lives under governments
[00:13:16] of their own choosing, and in our country
[00:13:18] and others with strong economies,
[00:13:20] there is an explosion of diversity.
[00:13:23] America is a lot more interesting place
[00:13:27] than it was 30 years ago.
[00:13:29] If we had had this meeting 30 years ago,
[00:13:33] you wouldn't look like you do.
[00:13:35] It's a lot more fun to be here,
[00:13:37] more educational, and more exciting because of that.
[00:13:42] It seems to me if you are optimistic,
[00:13:47] on September 10th, when I said,
[00:13:49] "What is the dominant strength of the 21st century world?"
[00:13:53] you could have given one of those four answers:
[00:13:57] the global economy, the explosion of democracy
[00:14:00] and diversity around the world,
[00:14:02] the information technology explosion,
[00:14:05] the scientific revolution.
[00:14:08] On the other hand,
[00:14:11] if you are a little more pessimistic,
[00:14:13] or if you are what Hillary refers to
[00:14:15] as your family's "designated worrier,"
[00:14:18] you might have mentioned four negative things.
[00:14:22] First, climate change.
[00:14:24] Nine of the hottest years ever recorded
[00:14:28] occurred in the last 12.
[00:14:30] If the climate warms at the same rate
[00:14:34] in the next 50 years as it has in the last 10,
[00:14:36] we will lose several Pacific island nations,
[00:14:39] the Florida Everglades and 50 feet of Manhattan Island.
[00:14:44] Agriculture will be disrupted all over the world,
[00:14:48] creating millions of food refugees.
[00:14:52] There is a terrible water shortage in the world already.
[00:14:56] One in four people on the globe
[00:14:59] never gets a clean glass of water.
[00:15:01] There is a serious deterioration in the quality of our oceans,
[00:15:05] which provide so much of our oxygen.
[00:15:08] If we don't reverse these trends
[00:15:11] we will have terrible problems.
[00:15:14] Or you could say,
[00:15:18] "No, no, before that happens,
[00:15:20] we will be engulfed by health crises."
[00:15:24] This year one in four people in the world
[00:15:27] will die of AIDS, TB, malaria or infections
[00:15:32] related to malaria.
[00:15:34] Thirty-six million people have AIDS.
[00:15:36] The fastest growing rates
[00:15:38] are in the former Soviet Union,
[00:15:41] on Europe's back door, and in the Caribbean,
[00:15:44] on our front door.
[00:15:45] At present trends we will have
[00:15:48] 100 million AIDS cases by 2005.
[00:15:51] That is a recipe for turmoil and violence.
[00:15:56] Or you could say,
[00:16:00] "No, the real problem is the flip side of globalization."
[00:16:04] Half the world's people aren't a part of it.
[00:16:07] It is true that more people have been
[00:16:10] lifted out of poverty by globalization
[00:16:13] in the last 20 years than ever before.
[00:16:16] It is also true that half the people
[00:16:20] in the world still live on less than $2 a day,
[00:16:24] that a billion of our people still live on less
[00:16:28] than a dollar a day.
[00:16:29] Think about that the next time
[00:16:32] you buy a cup of coffee.
[00:16:33] A billion go to bed hungry every night.
[00:16:37] That too is a recipe for revolution,
[00:16:40] compounded by the fact that 100 million children
[00:16:44] never go to school at all.
[00:16:46] Or even on September 10th,
[00:16:48] you might have said,
[00:16:50] "No, the biggest problem will be terrorism,
[00:16:53] coupled with weapons of mass destruction,
[00:16:56] rooted in racial and religious and ethnic hatreds."
[00:17:00] Here is what I would like to say:
[00:17:04] Whether you would have given a positive answer,
[00:17:08] or a negative answer,
[00:17:10] there is something that all eight answers
[00:17:13] have in common.
[00:17:14] They all reflect the astonishing increase
[00:17:17] in global interdependence.
[00:17:17] We have seen the collapse of distances
[00:17:22] and barriers bringing us closer together
[00:17:26] for good or ill.
[00:17:26] Terrorism is simply the dark side
[00:17:30] of our increasing interdependence.
[00:17:32] We have not repealed human nature
[00:17:35] or the fact some people see reality
[00:17:38] very differently than we do.
[00:17:40] With more open societies,
[00:17:42] organized forces of destruction simply
[00:17:46] take advantage of the same forces
[00:17:47] that make our lives richer, more diverse and better.
[00:17:52] Therefore, all the great questions of
[00:17:58] the 21st century boil down to one:
[00:18:00] Is this new age going to be good or bad,
[00:18:04] for me, my family, my community,
[00:18:07] my nation and the world?
[00:18:10] That's why Yale's mission in its fourth century,
[00:18:13] to build a truly global university,
[00:18:16] is so important. I was delighted, Mr. President,
[00:18:21] when my former deputy secretary of state
[00:18:24] and my old roommate, Strobe Talbott,
[00:18:27] became the head of your Globalization Center
[00:18:29] and his wife Brooke Shearer agreed
[00:18:32] to run the World Fellows Program.
[00:18:34] I said I would like to be a world fellow,
[00:18:37] and I was informed
[00:18:39] that I no longer qualify as a young world leader.
[00:18:43] So today you are stuck with my opinions
[00:18:45] without the benefit of further Yale study.
[00:18:49] What do we have to do to make sure
[00:18:53] that we encourage the positive forces of interdependence,
[00:18:57] and that we restrain and combat the negative ones?
[00:19:01] I would like to make three points:
[00:19:03] First, we have to defend ourselves against terrorism.
[00:19:08] I want you to know that there are good people,
[00:19:11] lots of them, who have been working on this for years.
[00:19:15] Many, many, more attacks were planned on
[00:19:18] the United States but were thwarted
[00:19:20] by those public servants and our allies.
[00:19:23] During the millennium observances alone,
[00:19:26] there were plans for bombs in cities
[00:19:29] in the northeast and northwest,
[00:19:31] the Los Angeles airport,
[00:19:33] the largest hotel in Jordan,
[00:19:35] a Christian site in the Holy Land
[00:19:37] and a half dozen other sites.
[00:19:40] All thwarted.
[00:19:43] Though good people are working hard,
[00:19:46] clearly there is more to do
[00:19:48] to build our defenses,
[00:19:50] to build our ability to be offensive,
[00:19:53] to build our capacity
[00:19:55] to maximize computer tracking network
[00:19:58] s to stop people who mean us harm.
[00:20:01] I don't want to say more about
[00:20:04] that right now, because the president,
[00:20:06] our national security teams
[00:20:08] and our allies have some tough tactical decisions to make.
[00:20:12] I think we ought to stick with them
[00:20:15] and give them the room they need to make decisions.
[00:20:18] So far, they have been making good decisions
[00:20:22] and we have no reason to believe
[00:20:24] that they won't do so in the future.
[00:20:26] On this, it's important for America to stay united.
[00:20:31] We are now and we must stay that way.
[00:20:34] Again, I know it was frightening
[00:20:40] to have the first massive attack on American soil.
[00:20:42] And nothing can minimize the human loss.
[00:20:45] But let me remind the young people here
[00:20:49] that the century we just left
[00:20:53] was the bloodiest in all human history.
[00:20:54] Twelve million died in World War I,
[00:20:58] 20 million between the wars,
[00:21:01] over 20 million in World War II,
[00:21:06] and another 20 million from government oppression after the war,
[00:21:09] not counting the millions
[00:21:11] who died in Korea and Vietnam,
[00:21:13] and later in the senseless slaughters
[00:21:15] from Rwanda and Bosnia.
[00:21:17] The world has never been free of violence.
[00:21:20] Today the price tag on the benefits of
[00:21:23] our interdependent world is greater vulnerability
[00:21:28] to terrorists. But our defenses will catch up.
[00:21:31] What we have to do as citizens
[00:21:32] is to think about what else has to be done,
[00:21:37] what else we personally can do.
[00:21:40] We have to lead an assault
[00:21:42] on the conditions of negative interdependence
[00:21:45] and create more opportunities
[00:21:47] for positive interdependence.
[00:21:50] America should continue to work
[00:21:54] to reduce global poverty
[00:21:56] and spread the benefits of globalization
[00:21:59] to people in countries that haven't felt it,
[00:22:02] with initiatives like more debt relief,
[00:22:05] more micro-credit, more sensible trade policies.
[00:22:09] America should contribute its fair share
[00:22:14] to Secretary-General Kofi Annan's health fund
[00:22:17] to fight the spread of the AIDS epidemic.
[00:22:20] America should deal with the challenge
[00:22:23] of climate change through conservation
[00:22:25] and the development of alternative energy,
[00:22:28] and through helping our friends
[00:22:31] and neighbors throughout the world do the same.
[00:22:33] Finally, let me say that even more important
[00:22:39] than what we do, is who we are.
[00:22:41] We must understand that this present conflict,
[00:22:46] as agonizing as the loss was,
[00:22:46] is about far more than the buildings collapsing
[00:22:52] and the people dying.
[00:22:53] This is about conflict with a global force
[00:22:57] with a fundamentally different view of
[00:22:59] the nature of truth, the value of life,
[00:23:02] the character of human community.
[00:23:04] Mr. bin Laden and the Taliban believe
[00:23:08] they have the truth,
[00:23:09] that everybody who agrees with them is good,
[00:23:12] and everybody who doesn't is evil.
[00:23:15] This great university is dedicated to
[00:23:18] the proposition that nobody has the absolute truth.
[00:23:22] So we all get to vote.
[00:23:25] We have the right to freedom of speech.
[00:23:28] We have the right of freedom of religion.
[00:23:31] We have the right of freedom of assembly.
[00:23:33] And we have the responsibilities of a free people
[00:23:37] because we believe that life is a journey,
[00:23:41] an effort to move closer and closer to the truth.
[00:23:44] But because we are finite, limited human beings,
[00:23:50] we never will achieve it.
[00:23:51] These differences lead to different views
[00:23:56] of the value of human life.
[00:23:58] Because we believe that we are all
[00:24:01] traveling on this journey together,
[00:24:03] we have come, over time,
[00:24:05] more and more to value all lives,
[00:24:08] to think that everybody counts,
[00:24:10] and that everybody deserves a chance.
[00:24:13] Of all the things that I have seen
[00:24:17] and been moved by in the last few weeks,
[00:24:21] the thing I will carry with me to the grave,
[00:24:24] is the lines of the victims' families
[00:24:27] holding their little flyers.
[00:24:29] For days and days, people didn't know
[00:24:32] whether their loved ones were alive
[00:24:34] or dead or even in the building
[00:24:36] when it was hit.
[00:24:38] So they all made up flyers saying:
[00:24:40] this is my wife, my husband, my brother,
[00:24:44] my sister, my mother, my father, my child.
[00:24:49] Here is the picture.
[00:24:51] This is what floor they were on,
[00:24:54] how tall they were, how much they weighed.
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